He ngongo roa, he takoto kau ngā paipa rino, e whakamahia ana mō ngā momo kaupapa. E rua ngā tikanga e hangaia ai ēnei, ā, ka puta he paipa whakarewa, he paipa kore hononga rānei. I ngā tikanga e rua, ka makahia te rino mata ki tētahi āhua tīmatanga e ngāwari ake ana te mahi. Kātahi ka hangaia hei paipa mā te totoro i te rino ki roto i tētahi ngongo kore hononga, mā te whakakotahi rānei i ngā taha, me te hiri i a rātou ki tētahi whakarewa. I whakaurua ngā tikanga tuatahi mō te hanga paipa rino i te tīmatanga o te rautau 1800, ā, kua whanake haere tonu hei tukanga hou e whakamahia ana e tātou i ēnei rā. I ia tau, e miriona tana o ngā paipa rino e hangaia ana. Nā tōna whānui o te whakamahinga, koinei te hua e whakamahia nuitia ana e te umanga rino.
Hītori
Kua whakamahia e te tangata ngā paipa mō ngā mano tau. Ko te whakamahinga tuatahi pea nā ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua o mua i tahuri te wai mai i ngā awaawa me ngā awa ki ā rātou mara. E whakaatu ana ngā taunakitanga keriwhenua i whakamahia e te iwi Hainamana te paipa wiwi hei kawe wai ki ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana i te tau 2000 BC. Kua kitea ngā paipa uku i whakamahia e ētahi atu iwi onamata. I te rautau tuatahi AD, i hangaia ngā paipa mata tuatahi ki Ūropi. I ngā whenua werawera, i whakamahia ngā paipa pāpaka hei kawe wai. I whakamahia e ngā Amerikana koroni te rakau mō tētahi atu kaupapa. I te tau 1652, i hangaia ngā puna wai tuatahi ki Boston mā te whakamahi i ngā poro rakau tuwhera.
Ka hangaia te paipa whakarewa mā te hurihuri i ngā rīpene maitai mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā roera whai kōhao hei hanga i te rauemi kia porowhita. Muri iho, ka haere te paipa kāore i whakarewahia mā roto i ngā irahiko whakarewa. Ka hiritia e ēnei taputapu ngā pito e rua o te paipa.
I te tau 1840 anō, kua taea e ngā kaimahi rino te hanga ngongo kore hononga. I tētahi tikanga, i keria he kōhao i roto i tētahi porowhita whakarewa totoka. Kātahi ka whakamahanahia te porowhita, ka tōia mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā mata i whakaroa ai kia hanga he paipa. Kāore i whai hua tēnei tikanga nā te mea he uaua ki te keria te kōhao i waenganui. Nā tēnei i puta ai he paipa kāore i te ōrite, ā, he matotoru ake tētahi taha i tētahi taha. I te tau 1888, i whakawhiwhia he mana patene ki tētahi tikanga whakapai ake. I roto i tēnei tukanga, i makahia te porowhita totoka ki te taha o te matua pereki ātete ahi. I te whakamataotanga, ka tangohia te pereki, ka waiho he kōhao i waenganui. Mai i taua wā, kua whakakapia ēnei tikanga e ngā tikanga hurihuri hou.
Hoahoa
E rua ngā momo paipa rino, ko tētahi he hononga kore hononga, ko tētahi he hononga kotahi te roa. He rerekē ngā whakamahinga o ia mea e rua. He māmā ake ngā paipa hononga kore hononga, ā, he angiangi ake ngā pakitara. Ka whakamahia mō ngā pahikara me te kawe wai. He taumaha ake, he pakari ake ngā paipa hononga kore hononga. He pai ake te āhua o ēnei, ā, he tika ake. Ka whakamahia mō ngā mea pēnei i te kawe hau, te paipa hiko me te putorino. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia ēnei i ngā wā kāore te paipa e pāngia e te taumahatanga nui.
Ngā Rauemi Mata
Ko te rino te rauemi matua mō te hanga paipa. Ko te rino te mea nui mō te hanga maitai. Ko ētahi atu konganuku kei roto pea i te koranu ko te konumohe, te konupūmā, te titanium, te tungsten, te vanadium, me te zirconium. Ka whakamahia ētahi rauemi whakaoti i ētahi wā i te wā hanga. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia pea te peita.
Ka hangaia te paipa tui kore mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga e whakamahana ana, e hanga ana hoki i tētahi pereki totoka kia rite ki te āhua porotaka, kātahi ka hurihia kia totoro, kia pokaia. Nā te mea he āhua koretake te pokapū pokaia, ka panaia he pito wero āhua matā mā waenganui o te pereki i a ia e hurihia ana. Ka hangaia te paipa tui kore mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga e whakamahana ana, e hanga ana hoki i tētahi pereki totoka kia rite ki te āhua porotaka, kātahi ka hurihia kia totoro, kia pokaia. Nā te mea he āhua koretake te pokapū pokaia, ka panaia he pito wero āhua matā mā waenganui o te pereki i a ia e hurihia ana. Ka whakamahia mēnā kua pania te paipa. I te nuinga o te wā, ka pania he hinu iti ki ngā paipa rino i te pito o te raina whakaputa. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te tiaki i te paipa. Ahakoa ehara i te mea he wāhanga o te hua kua oti, ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki i tētahi taahiraa hanga hei horoi i te paipa.
Te Tukanga Hanga
E rua ngā tukanga e hangaia ai ngā paipa rino. Ko te tikanga whakaputa whānui mō ngā tukanga e rua e toru ngā taahiraa. Tuatahi, ka hurihia te rino mata ki tētahi āhua e ngāwari ake ai te mahi. Muri iho, ka hangaia te paipa ki runga i tētahi raina whakaputa tonu, ā-haurua rānei. Hei whakamutunga, ka tapahia te paipa ka whakarerekētia kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia o te kiritaki. Ka whakamahia e ētahi kaihanga paipa rinomīhini tapahi taiaho ngongoki te tapahi, ki te whakapūwhera rānei i te ngongo i mua hei whakanui ake i te kaha whakataetae o ngā ngongo
Ka hangaia te paipa tui kore mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga e whakamahana ana, e whakakoi ana hoki i tētahi porotaka totoka kia rite ki te āhua porotaka, kātahi ka hurihia kia totoro, kia pokaia. Nā te mea he āhua koretake te pokapū pokaia, ka panaia he pito wero āhua matā mā waenganui o te porotaka i a ia e hurihia ana.
Te whakaputanga o ngā ingota
1. Ka hangaia te maitai rewa mā te whakarewa i te rino me te kōka (he matū whai waro ka puta mai i te wā e whakamahanahia ana te waro i te korenga o te hau) i roto i te oumu, kātahi ka tangohia te nuinga o te waro mā te pupuhi i te hāora ki roto i te wai. Kātahi ka ringihia te maitai rewa ki roto i ngā pokepokea rino nui, matotoru te pakitara, ka whakamatao ki reira hei poro.
2. Hei hanga i ngā hua papatahi pēnei i ngā pereti me ngā rau, i ngā hua roa pēnei i ngā pae me ngā tokotoko, ka hangaia ngā poro i waenganui i ngā roera nui i raro i te pēhanga nui. Ka puta he pua me he pereti.
3. Hei whakaputa i te pua, ka tukuna te ingot mā roto i ētahi roera maitai kua whakarārangihia kia rua. Ka kiia ēnei momo roera he "mira teitei-rua". I ētahi wā, e toru ngā roera e whakamahia ana. Ka whakanohoia ngā roera kia ōrite ō rātou awaawa, ā, ka neke ki ngā taha rerekē. Mā tēnei mahi ka pēhia, ka totorohia te maitai kia angiangi ake, kia roa ake. Ina hurihia ngā roera e te kaiwhakahaere tangata, ka tōia te maitai kia angiangi ake, kia roa ake. Ka whakahokia tēnei tukanga kia tae rā anō ki te āhua e hiahiatia ana e te maitai. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka hurihia e ngā mīhini e kiia nei ko ngā kaiwhakahaere te maitai kia ōrite te tukatuka i ia taha.
4. Ka taea hoki te huri i ngā poro hei pereti i roto i tētahi tukanga e rite ana ki te tukanga hanga pua. Ka tukuna te maitai mā roto i ētahi roera whakarārangi e rua hei totoro. Heoi, kei reira anō ngā roera e mau ana ki te taha hei whakahaere i te whānui o ngā pereti. Ina whiwhi te maitai i te āhua e hiahiatia ana, ka tapahia ngā pito kāore i te ōrite, ā, ka tapahia ngā pereti, ngā pua rānei kia poto ake. Te tukatuka anō
5. Ko ngā pua ka tukatukahia anō i mua i te hanga hei paipa. Ka hurihia ngā pua hei porotaka mā te whakauru atu ki roto i ētahi atu taputapu hurihuri kia roa ake ai, kia whaiti ake ai. Ka tapahia ngā porotaka e ngā taputapu e mōhiotia ana ko ngā kutikuti rere. He takirua kutikuti tukutahi ēnei e tere tahi ana me te porotaka e neke ana, ka tapahia. Mā tēnei ka taea te tapahi pai me te kore e aukati i te tukanga hanga. Ka whakarārangihia ēnei porotaka, ā, ka noho hei paipa kore hononga i te mutunga.
6. Ka hangaia anō hoki ngā papa. Kia ngāwari ai te whakakorikori, ka whakamahanahia tuatahitia ki te 2,200° F (1,204° C). Mā tēnei ka puta he paninga waikura ki runga i te mata o te papa. Ka wahia tēnei paninga ki te kaiwehe ine me te rehu wai pēhanga teitei. Kātahi ka tukuna ngā papa mā roto i tētahi raupapa roera i runga i te mira wera, ā, ka hangaia hei rīpene angiangi whaiti o te maitai e kiia nei ko te skelp. Ka taea e tēnei mira te roa ki te hawhe maero. I a ngā papa e haere ana i roto i ngā roera, ka angiangi ake, ka roa ake. I roto i te toru meneti pea, ka taea te huri i tētahi papa kotahi mai i tētahi wahi maitai matotoru 6 inihi (15.2 cm) ki tētahi rīpene maitai angiangi ka taea te roa ki te hauwhā maero.
7. Whai muri i te totoro, ka whakatōkia te maitai. Ko tēnei tukanga he whakahaere i roto i tētahi raupapa tāke kei roto te waikawa whanariki hei horoi i te maitai. Hei whakamutunga, ka horoia ki te wai matao me te wai wera, ka whakamarokehia, kātahi ka pōkaihia ki runga i ngā pōkai nui, ka tākaihia hei kawe ki tētahi whare hanga paipa. Te hanga paipa
8. E whakamahia ana te skelp me te billets hei hanga paipa. Ka hangaia te skelp hei paipa whakarewa. Ka whakatakotoria tuatahi ki runga i te mīhini wetewete. I te wetewetehia o te poro maitai, ka whakamahanahia. Kātahi ka tukuna te maitai mā roto i tētahi raupapa roera kua haehaea. I a ia e haere ana, ka meinga e ngā roera ngā taha o te skelp kia piko tetahi ki tetahi. Ka hangaia he paipa kāore i whakarewahia.
9. Whai muri iho, ka haere te maitai mā roto i ngā irahiko whakarewa. Ka hiritia ngā pito e rua o te paipa e ēnei taputapu. Kātahi ka tukuna te hononga whakarewa mā roto i tētahi roera pēhanga teitei hei āwhina i te hanga i tētahi whakarewa piri. Kātahi ka tapahia te paipa ki te roa e hiahiatia ana, ka whakarārangihia mō te tukatuka anō. He tukanga tonu te paipa maitai whakarewa, ā, i runga i te rahi o te paipa, ka taea te hanga kia tere ki te 1,100 ft (335.3 m) ia meneti.
10. Ina hiahiatia he paipa kore hononga, ka whakamahia ngā pereki tapawhā mō te hanga. Ka whakamahanahia, ka hangaia kia rite ki te āhua porotaka, e kiia ana hoki he porowhita. Kātahi ka tukuna te porowhita ki roto i te oumu ka whakamahanahia kia wera rawa. Kātahi ka hurihia te porowhita wera ki te pēhanga nui. Mā te hurihuri pēhanga teitei ka totoro te pereki, ka puta he kōhao ki waenganui. Nā te mea he āhua rerekē te āhua o tēnei kōhao, ka panaia he pito werohanga āhua matā mā waenganui o te pereki i a ia e hurihia ana. Whai muri i te wāhanga werohanga, tera pea he matotoru me te āhua rerekē tonu te paipa. Hei whakatika i tēnei, ka tukuna mā roto i tētahi atu raupapa o ngā mira hurihuri. Te tukatuka whakamutunga
11. I muri i te hanganga o tētahi momo paipa, ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini whakatikatika. Ka taea hoki te hono atu ki ngā hononga kia taea ai te hono i ngā paipa e rua, neke atu rānei. Ko te momo hononga tino noa mō ngā paipa he iti ake te diameter ko te miro—he awaawa piri ka tapahia ki te pito o te paipa. Ka tukuna atu hoki ngā paipa mā tētahi mīhini ine. Ka tāia aunoatia ēnei mōhiohio me ētahi atu raraunga whakahaere kounga ki runga i te paipa. Kātahi ka rehuhia te paipa ki tētahi paninga māmā o te hinu tiaki. Ko te nuinga o ngā paipa ka rongoatia kia kore ai e waikura. Ka mahia tēnei mā te whakakoi, mā te paninga konutea rānei. I runga i te whakamahinga o te paipa, ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi atu peita, paninga rānei.
Mana Kounga
He maha ngā mahi e mahia ana hei whakarite kia tutuki i te paipa maitai kua oti te hanga ngā whakaritenga. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia ngā ine hihi-X hei whakahaere i te matotoru o te maitai. Ka mahi ngā ine mā te whakamahi i ngā hihi-X e rua. Ka anga tetahi hihi ki tētahi maitai e mōhiotia ana te matotoru. Ka anga tetahi ki te maitai e haere ana i te raina whakaputa. Mena he rerekētanga i waenga i ngā hihi e rua, ka whakaoho aunoa te ine i te whakarerekētanga o ngā roera hei whakatikatika.
Ka tirotirohia hoki ngā paipa mō ngā hapa i te mutunga o te tukanga. Ko tētahi tikanga whakamātautau i tētahi paipa ko te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini motuhake. Ka whakakīia e tēnei mīhini te paipa ki te wai, kātahi ka whakanuia te pēhanga kia kite ai mēnā e mau ana. Ka whakahokia ngā paipa hapa hei para.