Mapaipi achitsulo ndi machubu aatali, opanda kanthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chitoliro cholumikizidwa kapena chosasunthika. Mu njira zonse ziwiri, chitsulo chosaphika chimayikidwa poyamba mu mawonekedwe oyambira osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Kenako chimapangidwa kukhala chitoliro mwa kutambasula chitsulocho kukhala chitoliro chosasunthika kapena kukakamiza m'mbali mwake ndikuchitseka ndi weld. Njira zoyamba zopangira chitoliro chachitsulo zinayambitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ndipo zasintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala njira zamakono zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano. Chaka chilichonse, matani mamiliyoni ambiri a chitoliro chachitsulo amapangidwa. Kusinthasintha kwake kumapangitsa kuti chikhale chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi makampani opanga zitsulo.
Mbiri
Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Mwina ntchito yoyamba inali ya alimi akale omwe ankapatutsa madzi kuchokera ku mitsinje ndi mitsinje kupita m'minda yawo. Umboni wa zinthu zakale ukusonyeza kuti aku China ankagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a bango ponyamula madzi kupita kumalo omwe ankafuna kale kwambiri mu 2000 BC Mapaipi a dongo omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zitukuko zina zakale apezeka. M'zaka za zana loyamba AD, mapaipi oyamba a lead anamangidwa ku Europe. M'mayiko otentha, machubu a nsungwi ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula madzi. Akoloni aku America ankagwiritsa ntchito matabwa pa cholinga chomwecho. Mu 1652, malo oyamba opangira madzi anapangidwa ku Boston pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa opanda kanthu.
Chitoliro cholumikizidwa chimapangidwa pozungulira zitsulo kudzera m'ma rollers angapo okhala ndi mipata omwe amaumba zinthuzo kukhala mawonekedwe ozungulira. Kenako, chitoliro chosalumikizidwacho chimadutsa ndi ma electrode olumikizirana. Zipangizozi zimatseka malekezero awiri a chitoliro pamodzi.
Kale mu 1840, amisiri achitsulo ankatha kale kupanga machubu opanda msoko. Mu njira imodzi, dzenje linkabowoledwa kudzera mu chogwirira chachitsulo cholimba, chozungulira. Kenako chogwiriracho chinkatenthedwa ndikukokedwa kudzera mu zida zingapo zomwe zinachikulitsa kuti chipange chitoliro. Njirayi sinali yogwira ntchito bwino chifukwa zinali zovuta kubowola dzenje pakati. Izi zinapangitsa kuti chitolirocho chikhale chosagwirizana ndipo mbali imodzi inali yokhuthala kuposa inayo. Mu 1888, njira yabwino idapatsidwa patent. Munjira imeneyi chogwiriracho chinali chozungulira njerwa yosapsa ndi moto. Ikazizira, njerwayo inachotsedwa ndikusiya dzenje pakati. Kuyambira pamenepo njira zatsopano zozungulira zalowa m'malo mwa njirazi.
Kapangidwe
Pali mitundu iwiri ya chitoliro chachitsulo, chimodzi chili ndi msoko umodzi ndipo china chili ndi msoko umodzi wolumikizidwa kutalika kwake. Zonse ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana. Machubu opanda msoko nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka, ndipo amakhala ndi makoma opyapyala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa njinga ndi kunyamula zakumwa. Machubu olumikizidwa ndi msoko ndi olemera komanso olimba. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala owongoka. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu monga mayendedwe a gasi, ngalande zamagetsi ndi mapaipi. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zina pamene chitoliro sichimayikidwa pansi pa mphamvu yayikulu.
Zida zogwiritsira ntchito
Zipangizo zoyambira zopangira mapaipi ndi chitsulo. Chitsulo chimapangidwa makamaka ndi chitsulo. Zitsulo zina zomwe zingakhalepo mu alloy ndi aluminiyamu, manganese, titaniyamu, tungsten, vanadium, ndi zirconium. Zipangizo zina zomalizitsa nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Mwachitsanzo, utoto ukhoza kukhalapo.
Chitoliro chopanda msoko chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe imatenthetsa ndi kuumba billet yolimba kukhala mawonekedwe a cylindrical kenako nkuizunguliza mpaka itatambasulidwa ndikubowoka. Popeza pakati pake pali dzenje losakhazikika, mfundo yobowoka ngati chipolopolo imakankhidwira pakati pa billet pamene ikuzunguliridwa. Chitoliro chopanda msoko chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe imatenthetsa ndi kuumba billet yolimba kukhala mawonekedwe a cylindrical kenako nkuizunguliza mpaka itatambasulidwa ndikubowoka. Popeza pakati pake pali dzenje losakhazikika, mfundo yobowoka ngati chipolopolo imakankhidwira pakati pa billet pamene ikuzunguliridwa. Nthawi zambiri, mafuta ochepa amaikidwa pa mapaipi achitsulo kumapeto kwa mzere wopanga. Izi zimathandiza kuteteza chitoliro. Ngakhale sichili gawo la chinthu chomalizidwa, sulfuric acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito pagawo limodzi lopanga kuyeretsa chitoliro.
Njira Yopangira Zinthu
Mapaipi achitsulo amapangidwa ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana. Njira yonse yopangira njira zonse ziwiri imaphatikizapo magawo atatu. Choyamba, chitsulo chosaphika chimasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe ogwirira ntchito bwino. Kenako, chitolirocho chimapangidwa pa mzere wopangira wopitilira kapena wopitilira. Pomaliza, chitolirocho chimadulidwa ndikusinthidwa kuti chikwaniritse zosowa za kasitomala. Opanga mapaipi ena achitsulo adzagwiritsa ntchitomakina odulira chubu a laserkudula kapena kubisa chitoliro kale kuti chiwonjezere mpikisano wa machubu
Chitoliro chopanda msoko chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe imatenthetsa ndi kupanga billet yolimba kukhala mawonekedwe ozungulira kenako n’kuizungulira mpaka itatambasulidwa ndi kuphwanyika. Popeza pakati pake pali dzenje losakhazikika, mfundo yoboola ngati chipolopolo imakankhidwira pakati pa billet pamene ikuzunguliridwa.
Kupanga kwa Ingot
1. Chitsulo chosungunuka chimapangidwa posungunula miyala yachitsulo ndi coke (chinthu chokhala ndi kaboni wambiri chomwe chimachitika malasha akatenthedwa popanda mpweya) mu uvuni, kenako n’kuchotsa mpweya wambiri mwa kuphulitsa mpweya m’madzi. Chitsulo chosungunukacho chimathiridwa mu nkhungu zazikulu, zokhala ndi makoma olimba, komwe chimazizira kukhala ma ingot.
2. Kuti apange zinthu zosalala monga mbale ndi mapepala, kapena zinthu zazitali monga mipiringidzo ndi ndodo, ma ingot amapangidwa pakati pa ma rollers akuluakulu pansi pa kukakamizidwa kwakukulu. Kupanga maluwa ndi ma slabs
3. Kuti apange maluwa, ingot imadutsa m'ma rollers awiri achitsulo okhala ndi mipata omwe amaikidwa m'magulu. Mitundu iyi ya ma rollers imatchedwa "ma rollers awiri okwera." Nthawi zina, ma rollers atatu amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma rollers amayikidwa kuti mipata yawo igwirizane, ndipo amasuntha mbali zosiyana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chikanikizidwe ndikutambasulidwa kukhala zidutswa zopyapyala komanso zazitali. Ma rollers akasinthidwa ndi munthu wogwiritsa ntchito, chitsulocho chimakokedwa mmbuyo kuti chikhale chopyapyala komanso chachitali. Izi zimachitikanso mpaka chitsulocho chikwaniritse mawonekedwe omwe akufuna. Panthawiyi, makina otchedwa manipulators amatembenuza chitsulocho kuti mbali iliyonse ikonzedwe mofanana.
4. Zitsulo zimathanso kukulungidwa mu slabs mu njira yofanana ndi njira yopangira maluwa. Chitsulocho chimadutsa mu ma rollers awiri omwe amatambasulidwa omwe amachitambasula. Komabe, palinso ma rollers omwe amaikidwa m'mbali kuti azitha kuwongolera m'lifupi mwa ma slabs. Chitsulocho chikapeza mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna, malekezero osafanana amadulidwa ndipo ma slabs kapena maluwa amadulidwa m'zidutswa zazifupi. Kukonzanso kwina
5. Maluwa nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa mopitirira muyeso asanapangidwe kukhala mapaipi. Maluwa amasinthidwa kukhala ma billet powayika m'zida zozungulira zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zazitali komanso zopapatiza. Ma billet amadulidwa ndi zida zodziwika kuti flying shears. Izi ndi ma billet awiri ogwirizana omwe amathamanga limodzi ndi billet yosuntha ndikudula. Izi zimathandiza kudula bwino popanda kuletsa njira yopangira. Ma billet awa amaikidwa m'magulu ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala chitoliro chopanda msoko.
6. Ma slabs amakonzedwanso. Kuti azitha kufewa, amayamba kutenthedwa kufika pa 2,200° F (1,204° C). Izi zimapangitsa kuti oxide coating ipangidwe pamwamba pa slab. Chophimba ichi chimadulidwa ndi scale breaker ndi madzi opopera mphamvu. Ma slabs amatumizidwa kudzera mu ma rollers angapo pa mphero yotentha ndipo amapangidwa kukhala timizere tating'onoting'ono ta chitsulo chotchedwa skelp. Mphero iyi imatha kutalika mpaka theka la kilomita. Pamene ma slabs akudutsa mu ma rollers, amakhala opyapyala komanso ataliatali. Pakapita mphindi zitatu slab imodzi imatha kusinthidwa kuchoka pa chitsulo cha mainchesi 15.2 kukhala riboni woonda wachitsulo womwe ungakhale wautali wa kotala kilomita.
7. Chitsulocho chikatambasulidwa, chimatsukidwa ndi madzi ofunda. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kuchiyendetsa m'mathanki angapo omwe ali ndi sulfuric acid kuti chiyeretsedwe. Kuti chimalizidwe, chimatsukidwa ndi madzi ozizira komanso otentha, kenako chimakulungidwa pazidutswa zazikulu ndikupakidwa kuti chinyamulidwe kupita ku malo opangira mapaipi. Kupanga mapaipi
8. Ma skelp ndi ma billets onse amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi. Skelp imapangidwa kukhala chitoliro cholumikizidwa. Choyamba imayikidwa pa makina omasula. Pamene chitsulo chosungunuka chimaphikidwa, chimatenthedwa. Kenako chitsulocho chimadutsa m'ma roller angapo okhala ndi mipata. Pamene chikudutsa, ma roller amachititsa kuti m'mphepete mwa skelp zipiringizike pamodzi. Izi zimapangitsa chitoliro chosalumikizidwa.
9. Chitsulocho chimadutsa ndi ma electrode olumikizirana. Zipangizozi zimatseka malekezero awiri a chitoliro pamodzi. Msoko wolumikizidwawo umadutsa mu chozungulira champhamvu chomwe chimathandiza kupanga cholumikizira cholimba. Kenako chitolirocho chimadulidwa kutalika komwe mukufuna ndikuyikidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Chitoliro chachitsulo cholumikizidwa ndi njira yopitilira ndipo kutengera kukula kwa chitolirocho, chingapangidwe mwachangu ngati 1,100 ft (335.3 m) pamphindi.
10. Pakufunika chitoliro chopanda msoko, ma billet a sikweya amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Amatenthedwa ndi kupangidwa kuti apange mawonekedwe a silinda, omwe amatchedwanso ozungulira. Kenako chozunguliracho chimayikidwa mu ng'anjo komwe chimatenthedwa choyera-chotentha. Chozungulira chotenthedwacho chimazunguliridwa ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu. Kuzungulira kwamphamvu kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti billet itambasulidwe ndipo dzenje lipangidwe pakati. Popeza dzenjeli ndi losakhazikika, mfundo yoboola ngati chipolopolo imakankhidwira pakati pa billet pamene ikuzunguliridwa. Pambuyo pa gawo loboola, chitolirocho chikhoza kukhalabe ndi makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe osakhazikika. Kuti akonze izi, chimadutsa mu mndandanda wina wa ma rolling mills. Kukonza komaliza
11. Pambuyo poti mtundu uliwonse wa chitoliro wapangidwa, ukhoza kuyikidwa kudzera mu makina owongoka. Akhozanso kuyikidwa ndi zolumikizira kuti zidutswa ziwiri kapena zingapo za chitoliro zigwirizane. Mtundu wodziwika bwino wa cholumikizira cha mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono ndi ulusi—mizere yolimba yomwe imadulidwa kumapeto kwa chitoliro. Mapaipi amatumizidwanso kudzera mu makina oyezera. Chidziwitsochi pamodzi ndi deta ina yowongolera khalidwe chimasindikizidwa yokha pa chitolirocho. Kenako chitolirocho chimapopedwa ndi utoto wopepuka wa mafuta oteteza. Mapaipi ambiri nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa kuti asachite dzimbiri. Izi zimachitika powapaka galvanizing kapena kuwapaka utoto wa zinc. Kutengera ndi momwe chitolirocho chimagwiritsidwira ntchito, utoto wina kapena zophimba zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kuwongolera Ubwino
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatengedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitoliro chachitsulo chomalizidwacho chikwaniritse zofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, ma X-ray gauges amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera makulidwe a chitsulocho. Ma X-ray amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma X-ray awiri. Mzere umodzi umalunjika ku chitsulo chodziwika bwino. Wina umalunjika ku chitsulo chodutsa pamzere wopanga. Ngati pali kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa ma X-ray awiriwa, mzerawo umayambitsa kusintha kwa kukula kwa ma rollers kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe akufuna.
Mapaipi amawunikidwanso kuti awone ngati pali zolakwika kumapeto kwa ndondomekoyi. Njira imodzi yoyesera chitoliro ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina apadera. Makinawa amadzaza chitolirocho ndi madzi kenako amawonjezera mphamvu kuti awone ngati chili bwino. Mapaipi olakwika amabwezedwa ngati zinyalala.