Iipayipi zentsimbi ziipayipi ezinde nezingenanto ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Zenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezibangela ukuba kubekho ipayipi edibeneyo okanye engenamthungo. Kuzo zombini ezi ndlela, intsimbi eluhlaza iqale iphoswe kwimo yokuqala esebenza ngakumbi. Emva koko yenziwa ibe yipayipi ngokusolula intsimbi ibe yityhubhu engenamthungo okanye ngokunyanzela imiphetho kunye nokuzivala nge-weld. Iindlela zokuqala zokwenza ipayipi yentsimbi zaziswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1800, kwaye ziye zaguquka ngokuthe ngcembe zaya kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje esizisebenzisayo namhlanje. Unyaka ngamnye, kuveliswa izigidi zeetoni zeepayipi zentsimbi. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kwenza ibe yimveliso esetyenziswa kakhulu eveliswa lishishini lentsimbi.
Imbali
Abantu bebesebenzisa imibhobho kangangeminyaka engamawaka. Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa kokuqala yayingabalimi bamandulo ababephambukisa amanzi kwimilambo nakwimilambo ukuya emasimini abo. Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaTshayina asebenzisa umbhobho wengcongolo ukuthutha amanzi ukuya kwiindawo ezifunwayo kwasekuqaleni kowama-2000 BC Imibhobho yodongwe eyayisetyenziswa zezinye iinkcubeko zamandulo ifunyenwe. Ngexesha lenkulungwane yokuqala AD, imibhobho yokuqala yentsimbi yakhiwa eYurophu. Kumazwe ashushu, imibhobho yebhambo yayisetyenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi. AmaKoloni aseMelika asebenzisa umthi ngenjongo efanayo. Ngo-1652, imisebenzi yokuqala yamanzi yenziwa eBoston kusetyenziswa iinkuni ezingenanto.
Umbhobho odibeneyo wenziwa ngokuqengqa imicu yentsimbi kuthotho lweerola ezinemiqolo ezibumba izinto zibe yimo engqukuva. Okulandelayo, umbhobho ongadibeneyo udlula ngee-electrode zokudibanisa. Ezi zixhobo zitywina iziphelo zombini zombhobho kunye.
Kwangowe-1840, abasebenzi bentsimbi babesele bekwazi ukuvelisa iityhubhu ezingenamthungo. Kwenye indlela, kwakugqojozwa umngxuma ngentsimbi eqinileyo, i-billet engqukuva. Emva koko i-billet yayifudunyezwa ize itsalwe ngothotho lwee-dies ezaziyinweba ukuze zenze umbhobho. Le ndlela yayingasebenzi kakuhle kuba kwakunzima ukugqobhoza umngxuma embindini. Oku kwabangela ukuba umbhobho ongalinganiyo onecala elinye lityebile kunelinye. Ngo-1888, indlela ephuculweyo yanikwa ilungelo lomenzi. Kule nkqubo i-solid billed yaphoswa ijikeleze isiseko sezitena esingatshiyo. Xa ipholile, izitena zasuswa kwasala umngxuma embindini. Ukususela ngoko iindlela ezintsha zokuqengqeleka ziye zathatha indawo yezi ndlela.
Uyilo
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zemibhobho yentsimbi, enye ayinamthungo kwaye enye inomthungo omnye odibeneyo ubude bayo. Zombini zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Iityhubhu ezingenamthungo zihlala zilula, kwaye zineendonga ezincinci. Zisetyenziselwa iibhayisekile kunye nokuthutha ulwelo. Iityhubhu ezihlanganisiweyo zinzima kwaye ziqinile. Zinobungqingqwa obungcono kwaye zihlala zithe tye. Zisetyenziselwa izinto ezinje ngothutho lwegesi, i-conduit yombane kunye ne-plumbing. Ngokwesiqhelo, zisetyenziswa kwiimeko apho umbhobho ungafakwanga phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Iimpahla ezingekasilwa
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuvelisweni kwemibhobho yintsimbi. Intsimbi yenziwe ngentsimbi ikakhulu. Ezinye izinyithi ezinokubakho kwi-alloy ziquka i-aluminium, i-manganese, i-titanium, i-tungsten, i-vanadium, kunye ne-zirconium. Ezinye izinto zokugqiba ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziswa ngexesha lokwenziwa. Umzekelo, ipeyinti isenokuba njalo.
Umbhobho ongenamthungo wenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo efudumeza kwaye ibumbe i-billet eqinileyo ibe yimo ye-cylindrical ize emva koko iyiqengqele ide yolulwe kwaye igqunywe. Ekubeni iziko elinomgodi limile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, inqaku elibhoboza elimile njengebhulethi lityhalelwa embindini we-billet njengoko liqengqeleka. Umbhobho ongenamthungo wenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo efudumeza kwaye ibumbe i-billet eqinileyo ibe yimo ye-cylindrical ize iqengqeleke ide yolulwe kwaye igqunywe. Ekubeni iziko elinomgodi limile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, inqaku elibhoboza elimile njengebhulethi lityhalelwa embindini we-billet njengoko liqengqeleka. Isetyenziswa ukuba umbhobho ugqunywe. Ngokwesiqhelo, inani elincinci leoyile lifakwa kwiipayipi zentsimbi ekupheleni komgca wemveliso. Oku kunceda ukukhusela umbhobho. Nangona ingeyonxalenye yemveliso egqityiweyo, i-sulfuric acid isetyenziswa kwinqanaba elinye lokuvelisa ukucoca umbhobho.
Inkqubo yoMveliso
Iipayipi zentsimbi zenziwa ngeenkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Indlela iyonke yokuvelisa kuzo zombini iinkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo amathathu. Okokuqala, intsimbi eluhlaza iguqulwa ibe yimo esebenzisekayo ngakumbi. Okulandelayo, ipayipi yenziwe kumgca wokuvelisa oqhubekayo okanye oqhubekekayo. Ekugqibeleni, ipayipi iyasikwa kwaye ilungiswe ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zomthengi. Abanye abavelisi beepayipi zentsimbi baya kusebenzisaumatshini wokusika ityhubhu ye-laserukunqumla okanye ukugoba umbhobho ngaphambili ukuze kwandiswe ukhuphiswano lweetyhubhu
Umbhobho ongenamthungo wenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo efudumeza kwaye ibumbe i-billet eqinileyo ibe yimo ye-cylindrical ize emva koko iyiqengqele ide yolulwe kwaye igqunywe. Ekubeni umbindi ongaphakathi unemilo engalinganiyo, inqaku elibhoboza elimile okwebhulethi lityhalelwa embindini we-billet njengoko liqengqeleka.
Imveliso ye-Ingot
1. Intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo yenziwa ngokunyibilikisa i-iron ore kunye ne-coke (into etyebileyo kwi-carbon ephuma xa amalahle efudunyezwa ngaphandle komoya) esitovini, emva koko isusa uninzi lwe-carbon ngokuqhumisa ioksijini kulwelo. Intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo emva koko igalelwa kwiimold zentsimbi ezinkulu, ezinodonga oluqinileyo, apho iphola khona ibe zii-ingots.
2. Ukuze kwenziwe iimveliso ezithe tyaba ezifana neepleyiti kunye namaphepha, okanye iimveliso ezinde ezifana neebhari kunye neentonga, ii-ingots zenziwe phakathi kweerola ezinkulu phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu. Zivelisa iintyatyambo kunye neeslabhu
3. Ukuze kuveliswe intyatyambo, i-ingot idlula kwiirola ezimbini zentsimbi ezinemiqolo ezibekwe ndawonye. Ezi ntlobo zeerola zibizwa ngokuba “zii-mills ezimbini eziphakamileyo.” Kwezinye iimeko, kusetyenziswa iirola ezintathu. Iirola zifakelwa ukuze imiqolo yazo ihambelane, kwaye zihamba kwicala elichaseneyo. Esi senzo sibangela ukuba intsimbi icinezelwe kwaye yolulwe ibe ziingceba ezincinci nezinde. Xa iirola zibuyiselwa umva ngumsebenzisi womntu, intsimbi itsalwa emva ukuze ibe ncinci kwaye ibe nde. Le nkqubo iphindaphindwa de intsimbi ifikelele kwimo oyifunayo. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, oomatshini ababizwa ngokuba zii-manipulators bajika intsimbi ukuze icala ngalinye licutshungulwe ngokulinganayo.
4. Ii-ingots zingasongwa zibe zii-slabs kwinkqubo efana nenkqubo yokwenza iintyatyambo. Intsimbi idlula kwii-roller ezimbini ezidibeneyo eziyolula. Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho nee-roller ezifakwe ecaleni ukulawula ububanzi bee-slabs. Xa intsimbi ifumana imo oyifunayo, iziphelo ezingalinganiyo ziyanqunyulwa kwaye ii-slabs okanye iintyatyambo ziyanqunyulwa zibe ziingceba ezimfutshane. Ukulungiswa okungakumbi
5. Iintyatyambo zihlala zicutshungulwa ngaphambi kokuba zenziwe iipayipi. Iintyatyambo ziguqulwa zibe ziibhilethi ngokuzifaka kwizixhobo eziqengqelekayo ezenza zibe zinde kwaye zibe mxinwa. Iibhilethi zinqunyulwa zizixhobo ezaziwa ngokuba zii-flying shears. Ezi ziibhilethi ezimbini ezihambelanayo ezibaleka kunye nebhilethi ehambayo kwaye ziyinqumle. Oku kuvumela ukunqunyulwa okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokuyeka inkqubo yokwenziwa. Ezi bilethi zibekwe ndawonye kwaye ekugqibeleni ziya kuba yipayipi engenamthungo.
6. Iislabs nazo ziyalungiswa. Ukuze zikwazi ukunyibilika, ziqala zifudunyezwe ziye kwi-2,200° F (1,204° C). Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho i-oxide coating phezu komphezulu weslab. Le coating iyaqhekeka nge-scale breaker kunye ne-high pressure water spray. Emva koko iislabs zithunyelwa ngothotho lwee-roller kwi-hot mill kwaye zenziwe zibe yimicu emincinci yentsimbi ebizwa ngokuba yi-skelp. Le mill ingaba nobude obuziikhilomitha ezisisiqingatha. Njengoko iislabs zidlula kwii-roller, ziba ncinci kwaye zibe nde. Kwimizuzu emalunga nemithathu i-slab enye inokuguqulwa ukusuka kwi-6 inches (15.2 cm) ubukhulu bentsimbi ibe yiribhoni yentsimbi ebhityileyo enokuba yikota yekhilomitha ubude.
7. Emva kokusolula, intsimbi iyafakwa kwi-pickle. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuyihambisa kwiitanki ezininzi ezine-sulfuric acid ukucoca isinyithi. Ukugqiba, ihlanjwa ngamanzi abandayo nashushu, yomiswe ize isongwe kwiispool ezinkulu ize ipakishwe ukuze ithuthwe iye kwindawo yokwenza imibhobho. Ukwenza imibhobho
8. Zombini i-skelp kunye nee-billets zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imibhobho. I-Skelp yenziwa ibe yipayipi edibeneyo. Iqala ibekwe kumatshini wokukhulula. Njengoko i-spool yentsimbi ivuleka, iyafudunyezwa. Intsimbi emva koko idlula kuthotho lwee-roller ezinemiqolo. Njengoko idlula, ii-roller zibangela ukuba imiphetho ye-skelp igobe kunye. Oku kwenza umbhobho ongadibeneyo.
9. Intsimbi idlula ngee-electrode zokuwelda. Ezi zixhobo zitywina iziphelo ezibini zombhobho kunye. Umthungo odibeneyo emva koko udlula kwirola yoxinzelelo oluphezulu enceda ekudaleni umthungo oqinileyo. Umbhobho uyasikwa ube bubude obufunekayo kwaye ubekwe ndawonye ukuze kuqhutyekwe phambili. Umbhobho wentsimbi odibeneyo yinkqubo eqhubekayo kwaye kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bombhobho, ungenziwa ngokukhawuleza njenge-1,100 ft (335.3 m) ngomzuzu.
10. Xa kufuneka umbhobho ongenamthungo, iibhilethi zesikwere ziyasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa. Ziyafudunyezwa kwaye zibunjwe ukuze zenze imo yesilinda, ebizwa ngokuba yingqukuva. Ingqukuva ifakwa kwisithando apho ifudunyezwa khona ishushu ngomhlophe. Ingqukuva eshushu emva koko iqengqwa ngoxinzelelo olukhulu. Oku kuqengqeleka koxinzelelo oluphezulu kubangela ukuba ibhilethi yoluleke kwaye kubekho umngxuma embindini. Ekubeni lo mngxuma umile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, inqaku lokubhoboza elimile okwebhulethi lityhalelwa embindini webhilethi njengoko liqengqwa. Emva kwesigaba sokubhoboza, umbhobho usenokuba usenobukhulu obungaqhelekanga kunye nemo. Ukulungisa oku, udlula kolunye uthotho lweemilo zokuqengqeleka. Ukucubungula kokugqibela
11. Emva kokuba kwenziwe naluphi na uhlobo lombhobho, zingafakwa kumatshini wokulungisa. Zingafakwa namajoyinti ukuze kudityaniswe iziqwenga ezibini okanye ngaphezulu zombhobho. Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lomxube wemibhobho enobubanzi obuncinci kukufaka imisonto—imingxunya eqinileyo esikwa esiphelweni sombhobho. Imibhobho ithunyelwa ngomatshini wokulinganisa. Olu lwazi kunye nolunye ulwazi lolawulo lomgangatho lufakwa ngokuzenzekelayo kumbhobho. Emva koko umbhobho utshizwa ngengubo ekhaphukhaphu yeoyile ekhuselayo. Uninzi lombhobho luhlala luphathwa ukuze lungagqwali. Oku kwenziwa ngokuyigalela nge-galvanizing okanye ngokuyinika i-zinc coating. Kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kombhobho, ezinye iipeyinti okanye ii-coating zingasetyenziswa.
Ulawulo lwemeko
Kuthathwa amanyathelo ahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbhobho wentsimbi ogqityiweyo uyahlangabezana neemfuno. Umzekelo, iigeyiji ze-x-ray zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ubukhulu bentsimbi. Iigeyiji zisebenza ngokusebenzisa ii-x-ray ezimbini. I-ray enye ijoliswe kwintsimbi enobukhulu obaziwayo. Enye ijoliswe kwintsimbi edlulayo kumgca wemveliso. Ukuba kukho umahluko phakathi kwee-ray ezimbini, i-gauge iya kubangela ngokuzenzekelayo ukutshintshwa kobungakanani beerola ukuze ihlawule.
Iipayipi nazo ziyahlolwa ukuba azinazo iziphene ekupheleni kwenkqubo. Enye indlela yokuvavanya umbhobho kukusebenzisa umatshini okhethekileyo. Lo matshini uzalisa umbhobho ngamanzi aze anyuse uxinzelelo ukuze kubonwe ukuba uyabambelela na. Iipayipi ezineziphene ziyabuyiselwa ukuze zibe zizinto ezilahliweyo.