Amapayipi ensimbi angamapayipi amade, angenalutho asetshenziselwa izinjongo ezahlukahlukene. Akhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene eziholela epayipini elihlanganisiwe noma elingenamthungo. Kuzo zombili izindlela, insimbi eluhlaza iqale iphonswe efomini yokuqala esebenza kalula. Bese yenziwa ibe yipayipi ngokwelula insimbi ibe yipayipi elingenamthungo noma ngokuphoqa imiphetho ndawonye bese ivalwa nge-weld. Izindlela zokuqala zokukhiqiza ipayipi lensimbi zethulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, futhi ziye zashintsha kancane kancane zaba yizinqubo zesimanje esizisebenzisayo namuhla. Unyaka ngamunye, kukhiqizwa izigidi zamathani zamapayipi ensimbi. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kwenza kube umkhiqizo osetshenziswa kakhulu okhiqizwa imboni yensimbi.
Umlando
Abantu bebesebenzisa amapayipi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwakungabalimi basendulo ababephambukisa amanzi emifuleni nasemifuleni baya emasimini abo. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo busikisela ukuthi amaShayina asebenzisa ipayipi lomhlanga ukuthutha amanzi ezindaweni ayefunwayo kusukela ngo-2000 BC Amapayipi obumba ayesetshenziswa ezinye izimpucuko zasendulo atholakale. Phakathi nekhulu lokuqala AD, amapayipi okuqala e-lead akhiwa eYurophu. Emazweni ashisayo, amapayipi oqalo ayesetshenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi. AmaMelika aseKoloni ayesebenzisa ukhuni ngenhloso efanayo. Ngo-1652, imisebenzi yokuqala yamanzi yenziwa eBoston kusetshenziswa izingodo ezingenalutho.
Ipayipi elihlanganisiwe lakhiwa ngokugoqa imichilo yensimbi ochungechungeni lwama-roller anemiphetho abumba izinto zibe yisimo esiyindilinga. Okulandelayo, ipayipi elingahlanganisiwe lidlula ngama-electrode okushisela. Lawa madivayisi avala izinhlangothi zombili zepayipi ndawonye.
Kusukela ngo-1840, abasebenzi bensimbi base bekwazi kakade ukukhiqiza amashubhu angenamthungo. Kwenye indlela, kwabholwa imbobo nge-billet yensimbi eqinile, eyindilinga. I-billet yabe isishiswa futhi idonswa ngochungechunge lwama-dies ayeyinweba ukuze yakhe ipayipi. Le ndlela yayingasebenzi kahle ngoba kwakunzima ukubhoboza imbobo phakathi nendawo. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni kube nepayipi elingalingani kanti olunye uhlangothi lwalukhulu kunolunye. Ngo-1888, indlela ethuthukisiwe yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi. Kule nqubo i-billed eqinile yaphonswa eduze kwe-core yezitini ezingashi. Lapho isipholile, isitini sasuswa kwasala imbobo phakathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi amasu amasha okugoqa athathe indawo yalezi zindlela.
Umklamo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamapayipi ensimbi, elinye alinamthungo kanti elinye linomthungo owodwa ohlanganisiwe ubude balo. Womabili anezisetshenziswa ezihlukile. Amapayipi angenamthungo ngokuvamile anesisindo esincane, futhi anezindonga ezincane. Asetshenziselwa amabhayisikili nokuthutha uketshezi. Amapayipi ahlanganisiwe asinda futhi aqinile. Anokuvumelana okungcono futhi avame ukuba qondile. Asetshenziselwa izinto ezifana nokuthuthwa kwegesi, ipayipi kagesi kanye namapayipi. Ngokuvamile, asetshenziswa ezimweni lapho ipayipi lingafakwanga ngaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu lokucindezeleka.
Ama-Raw material
Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamapayipi yinsimbi. Insimbi yakhiwa ngensimbi ngokuyinhloko. Ezinye izinsimbi ezingaba khona ku-alloy zifaka i-aluminium, i-manganese, i-titanium, i-tungsten, i-vanadium, ne-zirconium. Ezinye izinto zokuqeda ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, upende ungase ube khona.
Ipayipi elingenamthungo lenziwa kusetshenziswa inqubo efudumeza futhi ibumbe i-billet eqinile ibe yisimo esiyindilinga bese iyigoqa ize inwetshwe futhi igoqwe. Njengoba isikhungo esinezimbobo sinomumo ongajwayelekile, iphuzu lokubhoboza elinomumo wezinhlamvu licindezelwa phakathi kwe-billet njengoba ligoqwa. Ipayipi elingenamthungo lenziwa kusetshenziswa inqubo efudumeza futhi ibumbe i-billet eqinile ibe yisimo esiyindilinga bese iyigoqa ize inwetshwe futhi igoqwe. Njengoba isikhungo esinezimbobo sinomumo ongajwayelekile, iphuzu lokubhoboza elinomumo wezinhlamvu licindezelwa phakathi kwe-billet njengoba ligoqwa. Isetshenziswa uma ipayipi limboziwe. Ngokuvamile, inani elincane lamafutha lifakwa emapayipini ensimbi ekugcineni komugqa wokukhiqiza. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela ipayipi. Nakuba empeleni lingeyona ingxenye yomkhiqizo oqediwe, i-sulfuric acid isetshenziswa esinyathelweni esisodwa sokukhiqiza ukuhlanza ipayipi.
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza
Amapayipi ensimbi enziwa ngezinqubo ezimbili ezahlukene. Indlela yokukhiqiza iyonke yazo zombili izinqubo ihilela izinyathelo ezintathu. Okokuqala, insimbi eluhlaza iguqulwa ibe yifomu elisebenziseka kalula. Okulandelayo, ipayipi lakhiwa emgqeni wokukhiqiza oqhubekayo noma oqhubekayo. Ekugcineni, ipayipi liyanqunywa futhi lilungiswe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamakhasimende. Abanye abakhiqizi bamapayipi ensimbi bazosebenzisaumshini wokusika i-tube laserukusika noma ukugoba ithubhu ngaphambilini ukuze kwandiswe ukuncintisana kwamathubhu
Ipayipi elingenamthungo lenziwa kusetshenziswa inqubo efudumeza futhi ibumbe i-billet eqinile ibe yisimo esiyindilinga bese iyigoqa ize inwetshwe futhi igoqwe. Njengoba isikhungo esinezimbobo sinomumo ongajwayelekile, iphuzu lokubhoboza elinomumo wenhlamvu lisunduzwa phakathi kwe-billet njengoba ligoqwa.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Ingot
1. Insimbi encibilikisiwe yenziwa ngokuncibilikisa i-iron ore kanye ne-coke (into ecebile nge-carbon etholakala lapho amalahle eshiswa lapho kungekho moya) esithandweni, bese isusa iningi le-carbon ngokuqhumisa i-oxygen oketshezini. Insimbi encibilikisiwe ibe isithelwa ezikhumbeni zensimbi ezinkulu, ezibanzi, lapho iphola khona ibe yizingcezu.
2. Ukuze kwakhiwe imikhiqizo eyisicaba njengamapuleti namashidi, noma imikhiqizo emide njengemigoqo nezinduku, ama-ingot abunjwa phakathi kwama-roller amakhulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu. Akhiqiza izimbali nama-slab
3. Ukuze kukhiqizwe izimbali, i-ingot idlula ngama-roller ensimbi anemiphetho abekwe ndawonye. Lezi zinhlobo zama-roller zibizwa ngokuthi “ama-mill amabili aphezulu.” Kwezinye izimo, kusetshenziswa ama-roller amathathu. Ama-roller afakwa ukuze imiphetho yawo ifane, futhi ahamba ngezindlela eziphambene. Lesi senzo sibangela ukuthi insimbi icindezelwe futhi yelulwe ibe yizicucu ezincane nezinde. Lapho ama-roller ebuyiselwa emuva ngumuntu osebenza ngayo, insimbi idonswa emuva ukuze ibe ncane futhi ibe yinde. Le nqubo iphindaphindwa kuze kube yilapho insimbi ifinyelela isimo esifunwayo. Phakathi nale nqubo, imishini ebizwa ngokuthi ama-manipulators iphendula insimbi ukuze uhlangothi ngalunye lucutshungulwe ngokulinganayo.
4. Ama-ingot angagoqwa abe yizicucu ngendlela efana nenqubo yokwenza izimbali. Insimbi idlula ngama-roller amabili ahlanganisiwe ayinwebayo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nama-roller afakwe eceleni ukulawula ububanzi bama-slabs. Lapho insimbi ithola isimo esifunwayo, iziphetho ezingalingani ziyanqunywa bese ama-slabs noma izimbali zinqunywa zibe yizicucu ezimfushane. Ukucubungula okwengeziwe
5. Izimbali zivame ukucutshungulwa ngaphambi kokuba zenziwe amapayipi. Izimbali ziguqulwa zibe ama-billet ngokuzifaka kumadivayisi amaningi okugoqa okwenza zibe zinde futhi zibe mncane. Ama-billet asikwa ngamadivayisi aziwa ngokuthi ama-flying shears. Lawa ama-shear amabili avumelanisiwe agijima kanye ne-billet ehambayo bese eyisika. Lokhu kuvumela ukusika okuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuyeka inqubo yokukhiqiza. Lawa ma-billet ahlanganiswa futhi ekugcineni azoba yipayipi elingenamthungo.
6. Ama-slab nawo ayalungiswa kabusha. Ukuze asebenze kahle, aqale ashiswe abe ngu-2,200° F (1,204° C). Lokhu kubangela ukuthi kwakheke uqweqwe lwe-oxide ebusweni be-slab. Lokhu qweqwe luqhekeka nge-scale breaker kanye ne-high pressure water spray. Ama-slab abe esethunyelwa ochungechungeni lwama-roller kumshini oshisayo bese enziwa imicu emincane yensimbi ebizwa ngokuthi i-skelp. Lo mshini ungaba mude njengesigamu semayela. Njengoba ama-slab edlula kuma-roller, aba mancane futhi abe made. Phakathi nemizuzu engaba mithathu i-slab eyodwa ingaguqulwa isuke engxenyeni yensimbi engu-6 in (15.2 cm) ubukhulu ibe yiribhoni yensimbi encane engaba yikota yemayela ubude.
7. Ngemva kokwelula, insimbi iyafakwa emanzini abandayo. Le nqubo ihilela ukuyihambisa ochungechungeni lwamathangi aqukethe i-sulfuric acid ukuze ihlanzwe insimbi. Ukuze iqede, ihlanzwa ngamanzi abandayo nashisayo, yomiswe bese igoqwa ezitsheni ezinkulu bese ipakishwa ukuze ithuthwe iye esikhungweni sokwenza amapayipi. Ukwenza amapayipi
8. Kokubili i-skelp kanye ne-billets kusetshenziselwa ukwenza amapayipi. I-skelp yenziwa ipayipi elihlanganisiwe. Iqala ibekwe emshinini wokukhulula. Njengoba i-spool yensimbi ivuleka, iyashiswa. Insimbi ibe isidluliswa ochungechungeni lwama-roller anemiphetho. Njengoba idlula, ama-roller abangela ukuthi imiphetho ye-skelp igoqeke ndawonye. Lokhu kwakha ipayipi elingahlanganisiwe.
9. Insimbi idlula ngama-electrode okushisela. Lawa madivayisi ahlanganisa izinhlangothi ezimbili zepayipi ndawonye. Umthungo oshisele udluliswa nge-roller yokucindezela okuphezulu okusiza ukudala ukushisela okuqinile. Ipayipi bese lisikwa libe ubude obufunekayo bese libekwa ndawonye ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucutshungulwa. Ipayipi lensimbi elishisele liyinqubo eqhubekayo futhi kuye ngobukhulu bepayipi, lingenziwa ngokushesha okungaba ngu-1,100 ft (335.3 m) ngomzuzu.
10. Uma kudingeka ipayipi elingenamthungo, ama-billets ayisikwele asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza. Ayashiswa futhi abumbeke ukuze akhe isimo sesilinda, esibizwa nangokuthi yindilinga. Indilinga ibe isifakwa esithandweni lapho ishiswa khona ngokushisa okumhlophe. Indilinga eshisiwe ibe isigoqwa ngokucindezela okukhulu. Lokhu kugoqwa kokucindezela okuphezulu kubangela ukuthi i-billet yeluleke futhi kwakheke imbobo phakathi. Njengoba le mbobo ingafani, iphuzu lokubhoboza eliyinhlamvu licindezelwa phakathi kwe-billet njengoba ligoqwa. Ngemva kwesigaba sokubhoboza, ipayipi lingase libe nobukhulu obungajwayelekile nesimo. Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu lidluliswa ngochungechunge lwemishini yokugoqa. Ukucubungula kokugcina
11. Ngemva kokuba kwenziwe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwepayipi, zingafakwa emshinini wokuqondisa. Zingafakwa namajoyinti ukuze kuxhunywe izingcezu ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zepayipi. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwejoyinti lamapayipi anobubanzi obuncane ukufaka intambo—imifantu eqinile esikwa ekugcineni kwepayipi. Amapayipi athunyelwa nangomshini wokulinganisa. Lolu lwazi kanye nolunye ulwazi lokulawula ikhwalithi lufakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo epayipini. Ipayipi bese lifuthwa nge-coating elula yamafutha avikelayo. Iningi lepayipi livame ukuphathwa ukuze ligweme ukugqwala. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokulifaka nge-galvanizing noma ngokulinika i-coating ye-zinc. Kuye ngokusetshenziswa kwepayipi, kungasetshenziswa amanye amapende noma i-coating.
Ikhwalithi yokulawula
Kuthathwa izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ipayipi lensimbi eliqediwe lihlangabezana nezimfuneko. Isibonelo, ama-x-ray gauges asetshenziswa ukulawula ukujiya kwensimbi. Ama-gauges asebenza ngokusebenzisa ama-x-ray amabili. I-ray eyodwa iqondiswa ensimbini enobukhulu obaziwayo. Enye iqondiswa ensimbini edlulayo emgqeni wokukhiqiza. Uma kukhona umehluko phakathi kwama-rays amabili, i-gauge izoqala ngokuzenzakalelayo ukushintsha usayizi wama-roller ukuze ibuyisele.
Amapayipi nawo ayahlolwa ukuze athole amaphutha ekupheleni kwenqubo. Enye indlela yokuhlola ipayipi ukusebenzisa umshini okhethekile. Lo mshini ugcwalisa ipayipi ngamanzi bese ukhulisa ingcindezi ukuze kubonakale ukuthi liyabambelela yini. Amapayipi anephutha ayabuyiselwa ukuze abe yizicucu.