Mapaipi esimbimarefu, machubhu asina mhango anoshandiswa zvakasiyana siyana.Izvo zvinogadzirwa nenzira mbiri dzakasiyana izvo zvinoguma mune welded kana musono pombi.Munzira dzose mbiri, simbi yakasvibirira inotanga kukandwa mune imwe nzira inogoneka yekutanga.Inobva yaitwa pombi nekutambanudza simbi kuita chubhu isina musono kana kumanikidzira mipendero pamwe chete nekuisunga nechisimbiso.Nzira dzekutanga dzekugadzira pombi dzesimbi dzakaunzwa mukutanga kwema1800, uye dzakaramba dzichishanduka kuita maitiro atiri kushandisa nhasi.Gore negore, mamiriyoni ematani epombi yesimbi anogadzirwa.Kusarudzika kwayo kunoita kuti ive inonyanya kushandiswa chigadzirwa chinogadzirwa neindasitiri yesimbi.
Nhoroondo
Vanhu vakashandisa mapaipi kwezviuru zvemakore.Zvichida kushandiswa kwekutanga kwaiva nevarimi vekare vakatsausa mvura kubva muhova nenzizi kupinda muminda yavo.Humbowo hwekuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti maChinese akashandisa pombi yetsanga kutakura mvura kuenda kunzvimbo dzaidiwa kare 2000 BC Clay chubhu aishandiswa nedzimwe magariro ekare akawanikwa.Munguva yezana ramakore rekutanga AD, pombi dzekutanga dzakagadzirwa muEurope.Munyika dzinopisa, machubhu eshenjere aishandiswa kutakura mvura.MaColonial America akashandisa huni kune chinangwa chakafanana.Muna 1652, mvura yekutanga yakagadzirwa muBoston vachishandisa matanda asina mhango.
Welded pombi inoumbwa nekumoneredza simbi mitsetse kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemagororo akaiswa anoumba zvinhu kuita denderedzwa.Zvadaro, pombi isina welded inopfuura nemagetsi emagetsi.Midziyo iyi inosimbisa migumo miviri yepombi pamwe chete.
Kare muna 1840, vashandi vesimbi vaigona kutogadzira machubhu asina musono.Mune imwe nzira, gomba raiboorwa nesimbi yakasimba, yakatenderera billet.Billet rakabva radziirwa ndokudhonzerwa mukati memafaro akarebesa kuita pombi.Nzira iyi yaisashanda nekuti yainetsa kuboora gomba nepakati.Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nepombi isina kuenzana uye rimwe divi raive gobvu kupfuura rimwe.Muna 1888, nzira yakavandudzwa yakapiwa patent.Mukuita uku iyo yakasimba billed yakakandwa yakatenderedza moto wezvidhinha musimboti.Kana chatonhodzwa, chidhinha chaibviswa kuchisiya buri pakati.Kubva ipapo nzira itsva dze roller dzakatsiva nzira idzi.
Design
Kune marudzi maviri epombi yesimbi, imwe haina musono uye imwe ine musono wakashongedzerwa pamwe chete nehurefu hwayo.Ose ane mashandisirwo akasiyana.Machubhu asina musono anowanzo huremu huremu, uye ane madziro matete.Anoshandiswa bhasikoro uye kutakura zvinwiwa.Semed tubes inorema uye yakanyanya kuomarara.Iwo ane kuenderana kuri nani uye anowanzo kutwasuka.Iwo anoshandiswa kune zvinhu zvakaita sekutakura gasi, pombi yemagetsi uye pombi dzemvura.Kazhinji, dzinoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu apo pombi isingaiswe pasi pekunetseka kwakanyanya.
Raw Materials
Iyo yekutanga mbishi mukugadzirwa kwepombi isimbi.Simbi inogadzirwa nesimbi.Mamwe masimbi angave aripo mualloy anosanganisira aluminium, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, uye zirconium.Zvimwe zvinhu zvekupedzisa dzimwe nguva zvinoshandiswa panguva yekugadzira.Somuenzaniso, pendi inogona kuva.
Pombi isina musono inogadzirwa pachishandiswa nzira inopisa nekuumba billet yakasimba kuita cylindrical shape yobva yaikungurutsira kusvika yatambanudzwa uye negomba.Sezvo nzvimbo ine gomba isina kuumbwa zvisina kurongwa, panoboorwa nepakati pebillet pairi kukungurutswa. Pombi isina musono inogadzirwa pachishandiswa nzira inopisa nekuumba bhillet rakasimba kuita cylindrical shape yobva yarikungurutsa. kusvikira yatambanudzwa ikaita mhango.Sezvo nzvimbo ine mhango isina kuumbwa zvisina kurongwa, panoboora zvakaita bara-bara inosaidzirwa nepakati pebillet pairi kukungurutswa.inoshandiswa kana pombi yakaputirwa.Kazhinji, huwandu hwemafuta hunoshandiswa kune mapaipi esimbi pamagumo emutsara wekugadzira.Izvi zvinobatsira kudzivirira pombi.Kunyange zvazvo isiri chikamu chechigadzirwa chakapedzwa, sulfuric acid inoshandiswa mune imwe nhanho yekugadzira kuchenesa pombi.
The Manufacturing Process
Mapaipi esimbi anogadzirwa nemaitiro maviri akasiyana.Iyo yose yekugadzira nzira yemaitiro ese ari maviri inosanganisira matanho matatu.Kutanga, simbi yakasvibirira inoshandurwa kuita fomu inoshanda zvakanyanya.Zvadaro, pombi inoumbwa pane inoenderera kana semicontinuous yekugadzira mutsara.Pakupedzisira, pombi inochekwa uye inogadziridzwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa nemutengi.
Pombi isina musono inogadzirwa pachishandiswa nzira inopisa nekuumba billet yakasimba kuita cylindrical shape yobva yaikungurutsira kusvika yatambanudzwa uye negomba.Sezvo nzvimbo ine gomba isina kuumbwa zvisina kurongeka, panoboora zvakaita sebara inosundirwa nepakati pebillet pairi kukungurutswa.
Ingot production
1. Simbi yakanyungudutswa inogadzirwa nekunyungudusa iron ore necoke (carbon-rich substance inoguma kana marasha apisa kana mhepo isipo) muchoto, zvozobvisa kabhoni zhinji nokuputisa okisijeni mumvura.Simbi yakanyungudutswa inozodirwa muforoma dzesimbi huru, dzakakobvu, uko inotonhorerwa kuita ingots.
2. Kuti ugadzire zvigadzirwa zvakati sandara zvakaita semapureti nemashiti, kana zvigadzirwa zvakareba senge mbariro netsvimbo, ingots inoumbwa pakati pema roller makuru pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru.Kugadzira maruva uye slabs.
3. Kuti ibudise maruva, ingot inopfuudzwa nepakati pe grooved simbi rollers iyo yakaturikidzana.Aya marudzi ema rollers anonzi "maviri-akakwirira."Mune zvimwe zviitiko, matatu rollers anoshandiswa.Ma rollers akaiswa kuitira kuti magrooves awo aenderane, uye anofamba nenzira dzakasiyana.Chiito ichi chinoita kuti simbi isvinwe uye itambanudzwe kuita zvidimbu zvitete, zvirefu.Kana ma roller adzoserwa nemunhu anoshanda, simbi inodhonzwa kumashure kuburikidza nekuita iyo yakatetepa uye yakareba.Iyi nzira inodzokororwa kusvikira simbi yawana chimiro chaidiwa.Munguva iyi, michina inonzi manipulators flip simbi kuitira kuti rimwe nerimwe divi rigadziriswe zvakaenzana.
4. Ingots inogonawo kukungurutswa mumaslabs mune imwe nzira yakafanana neyekugadzira maruva.Simbi inopfuudzwa nepaviri yemarori akaturikidzana ayo anoatambanudza.Zvisinei, kunewo ma rollers akaiswa padivi kuti adzore hupamhi hwema slabs.Kana simbi ikawana chimiro chaidiwa, migumo isina kuenzana inogurwa uye slabs kana maruva anotemwa kuita zvidimbu zvipfupi.
5. Maruva anowanzo gadziriswa mberi asati aitwa mapaipi.Maruva anosandurwa kuita mabheti nekuaisa kuburikidza neakawanda anotenderedza maturusi anoita kuti akareba uye akatetepa.Mabheti acho anochekwa nemichina inozivikanwa semachira ekubhururuka.Aya ndiwo maviri eshear akawiriraniswa anomhanya pamwe neanofamba billet uye ocheka.Izvi zvinobvumira kucheka kwakanaka pasina kumisa nzira yekugadzira.Aya mabheti akaturikidzana uye anozopedzisira ave pombi isina musono.
6. Slabs inogadziriswa zvakare.Kuti dzigadzirike, dzinotanga kudziiswa kusvika pa2,200° F (1,204° C).Izvi zvinokonzera kuti oxide coating iumbe pamusoro pe slab.Uku kupfekedzwa kunodimburwa neshekeri yekutyora uye yakakwirira pressure yemvura spray.Ma slabs anobva atumirwa nemunhevedzano yema roller paguyo rinopisa uye oitwa matete matete esimbi anonzi skelp.Chigayo ichi chinogona kureba sechidimbu chemamaira.Sezvo slabs achipfuura nemuma rollers, anove akaonda uye akareba.Mukufamba kwemaminetsi matatu sirabhu imwe chete inogona kushandurwa kubva pa6 in (15.2 cm) chimedu chesimbi chakakora kuita ribhoni yesimbi yakatetepa inogona kureba kota mamaira.
7. Mushure mekutambanudza, simbi inosanganiswa.Kuita uku kunosanganisira kuimhanyisa kuburikidza neakatevedzana matangi ane sulfuric acid kuchenesa simbi.Kupedzisa, inosukurudzwa nemvura inotonhora uye inopisa, yakaomeswa yobva yamoneredzwa pamaspools mahombe uye inoputirwa kuti itakurwe kuenda kunzvimbo yekugadzira pombi.
8. Zvose skelp uye mabheti zvinoshandiswa kugadzira mapaipi.Skelp inogadzirwa kuva welded pombi.Inotanga kuiswa pamushini unosunungura.Sezvo spool yesimbi isingakuvadzi, inopisa.Simbi yacho inobva yapfuudzwa kuburikidza nenhevedzano ye grooved rollers.Sezvo ichipfuura, ma rollers anokonzera micheto ye skelp kupeta pamwe chete.Izvi zvinoumba pombi isina tambo.
9. Simbi inotevera inopfuura nemagetsi emagetsi.Midziyo iyi inosimbisa migumo miviri yepombi pamwe chete.Iyo welded seam inobva yapfuura nepamusoro-soro roller iyo inobatsira kugadzira yakasimba weld.Iyo pombi inobva yachekwa kusvika paurefu hwaidiwa uye yakaturikidzwa kuti iwedzere kugadziriswa.Welded simbi pombi inoramba iripo uye zvichienderana nekukura kwepombi, inogona kugadzirwa nekukurumidza se 1,100 ft (335.3 m) paminiti.
10. Kana pombi isina musono inodiwa, mabheti emakwere anoshandiswa pakugadzira.Vanopisa uye vanoumbwa kuti vagadzire chimiro checylinder, chinonziwo denderedzwa.Round yacho inozoiswa muchoto umo inodziiswa chena-inopisa.Dunhu rinopisa rinobva rakungurutswa nekumanikidza kukuru.Iyi high pressure rolling inoita kuti billet itambanuke uye gomba riite pakati.Sezvo gomba iri risina kuumbwa zvisina kurongeka, chiboo chakafanana nebara chinosundirwa nepakati pebeche parinenge richikungurutswa.Mushure mechikamu chekuboora, pombi inogona kunge ichiri yehukobvu husina kukwana uye chimiro.Kugadzirisa izvi zvinopfuudzwa neimwe nhevedzano yezvigayo.Final processing
11. Pashure pemhando ipi neipi yepombi yagadzirwa, inogona kuiswa nemuchina wekururamisa.Anogona zvakare kuisirwa majoini kuitira kuti zvidimbu zviviri kana kupfuura zvepombi zvibatanidzwe.Rudzi rwakanyanya rwekubatana kwepombi dzine madhayamita madiki ndeye threading-yakaomeswa grooves inochekwa kumucheto kwepombi.Mapombi anotumirwawo nemuchina wekuyeresa.Idzi ruzivo pamwe chete nedzimwe dhata rekudzora hunhu rinongoitwa stencilled papombi.Iyo pombi inobva yapfapfaidzwa nejira rakareruka rekudzivirira mafuta.Pombi yakawanda inowanzobatwa kuti irege kuita ngura.Izvi zvinoitwa nekuisimbisa kana kuipa kuvharwa kwezingi.Zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwepombi, mamwe mapende kana machira anogona kushandiswa.
Quality Control
Matanho akasiyana-siyana anotorwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti pombi yesimbi yakapedzwa inosangana nezvinodiwa.Semuenzaniso, x-ray gauges anoshandiswa kudzora ukobvu hwesimbi.Mageji anoshanda nekushandisa maviri x rays.Mwaranzi mumwe unonangidzirwa pasimbi yeukobvu hunozivikanwa.Imwe yacho inotungamirirwa pane simbi inopfuura pamutsara wekugadzira.Kana paine musiyano pakati pemwaranzi miviri, geji inozokonzeresa kudzoreredzwa kwema rollers kuti adzorere.
Mapaipi anotariswa zvakare kuti akaremara pakupera kwekuita.Imwe nzira yekuedza pombi ndeyokushandisa muchina chaiwo.Muchina uyu unozadza pombi nemvura wobva wawedzera kudzvanya kuti uone kuti unobatirira here.Mapombi akaremara anodzoserwa kuti atore zvimedu.