Imiyoboro y'icyumani birebire, imiyoboro idafite akamaro ikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye.Byakozwe nuburyo bubiri butandukanye bivamo umuyoboro usudutse cyangwa udafite kashe.Muri ubwo buryo bwombi, ibyuma bibisi byabanje gutabwa muburyo bwo gutangira gukora.Ihita ikorwa mu muyoboro urambura ibyuma mu muyoboro utagira ikizinga cyangwa ugahatira impande zose ukabifunga hamwe na weld.Uburyo bwa mbere bwo gukora imiyoboro yicyuma bwatangijwe mu ntangiriro ya 1800, kandi bwagiye buhinduka muburyo bugezweho dukoresha muri iki gihe.Buri mwaka, hakorwa toni miliyoni zumuyoboro wibyuma.Ubwinshi bwayo butuma ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa cyane ninganda zibyuma.
Amateka
Abantu bakoresheje imiyoboro mumyaka ibihumbi.Ahari ikoreshwa rya mbere ryakozwe nabahinzi borozi ba kera bavomaga amazi mumigezi ninzuzi mumirima yabo.Ibimenyetso bya kera byerekana ko Abashinwa bakoresheje umuyoboro w’urubingo mu gutwara amazi ahantu hifuzwa nko mu 2000 mbere ya Yesu.Mu kinyejana cya mbere nyuma ya Yesu, imiyoboro ya mbere yayoboye yubatswe mu Burayi.Mu bihugu bishyuha, imigano yakoreshwaga mu gutwara amazi.Abakoloni b'Abanyamerika bakoresheje ibiti kubwintego imwe.Mu 1652, ibikorwa byambere byamazi byakorewe i Boston hifashishijwe ibiti bitoboye.
Umuyoboro wo gusudira ukorwa no kuzunguza imirongo y'ibyuma unyuze mu ruhererekane rw'imigozi ifatanye ibumba ibintu mu buryo buzengurutse.Ibikurikira, umuyoboro udasuduwe unyura mu gusudira electrode.Ibi bikoresho bifunga impande zombi z'umuyoboro hamwe.
Nko mu 1840, abakora ibyuma bashoboraga kubyara imiyoboro idafite kashe.Mu buryo bumwe, umwobo wacukuwe binyuze mu cyuma gikomeye, fagitire izengurutse.Inyemezabuguzi yahise ishyuha kandi ikururwa hifashishijwe uruhererekane rw'urupfu rurambuye kugira ngo rukore umuyoboro.Ubu buryo ntabwo bwakoraga kuko byari bigoye gucukura umwobo hagati.Ibi byaviriyemo umuyoboro utaringaniye uruhande rumwe rufite umubyimba kurenza urundi.Mu 1888, uburyo bunoze bwahawe patenti.Muri ubu buryo, fagitire ikomeye yaterwaga hafi y'amatafari adafite umuriro.Iyo imaze gukonjeshwa, amatafari yakuweho hasigara umwobo hagati.Kuva icyo gihe tekinike nshya ya roller yasimbuye ubu buryo.
Igishushanyo
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwicyuma, kimwe ntigisanzwe kandi ikindi gifite icyerekezo kimwe gisudira muburebure bwacyo.Byombi bifite uburyo butandukanye.Imiyoboro idafite uburinganire nuburemere bworoshye, kandi ifite inkuta zoroshye.Zikoreshwa mumagare no gutwara amazi.Imiyoboro isobekeranye iraremereye kandi irakomeye.Ufite ihame ryiza kandi mubisanzwe birakomeye.Zikoreshwa mubintu nko gutwara gaze, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'amazi.Mubisanzwe, bikoreshwa mugihe iyo umuyoboro udashyizwe munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi.
Ibikoresho bito
Ibikoresho fatizo byibanze mu gukora imiyoboro ni ibyuma.Ibyuma bigizwe ahanini nicyuma.Ibindi byuma bishobora kuboneka muri alloy harimo aluminium, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, na zirconium.Ibikoresho bimwe byo kurangiza rimwe na rimwe bikoreshwa mugihe cyo gukora.Kurugero, irangi rishobora kuba.
Umuyoboro udafite ubudodo ukorwa hifashishijwe inzira ishyushya kandi ikabumba fagitire ikomeye mu buryo bwa silindrike hanyuma ikazunguruka kugeza igihe irambuye kandi ikinguye.Kubera ko ikigo gifunitse gikozwe muburyo budasanzwe, ingingo isobekeranye yamasasu isunikwa hagati ya fagitire nkuko izunguruka. Umuyoboro utagira ingano ukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bushyushya kandi bukabumba fagitire ikomeye muburyo bwa silindrike hanyuma ikazunguruka. kugeza irambuye kandi ifunguye.Kubera ko ikigo gifunitse gifite imiterere idasanzwe, ingingo isobekeranye yamasasu isunikwa hagati ya bilet nkuko izunguruka.yakoreshejwe niba umuyoboro utwikiriwe.Mubisanzwe, amavuta yoroheje ashyirwa kumiyoboro yicyuma nyuma yumurongo wibyakozwe.Ibi bifasha kurinda umuyoboro.Mugihe mubyukuri atari igice cyibicuruzwa byarangiye, aside sulfurike ikoreshwa muntambwe imwe yo gukora kugirango isukure umuyoboro.
Inzira yo Gukora
Imiyoboro y'ibyuma ikorwa muburyo bubiri butandukanye.Uburyo rusange bwo kubyaza umusaruro inzira zombi zirimo intambwe eshatu.Ubwa mbere, ibyuma bibisi bihindurwa muburyo bukora.Ibikurikira, umuyoboro ukorwa kumurongo ukomeza cyangwa igice cya kabiri.Hanyuma, umuyoboro waciwe kandi uhindurwa kugirango uhuze ibyo umukiriya akeneye.
Umuyoboro udafite ubudodo ukorwa hifashishijwe inzira ishyushya kandi ikabumba fagitire ikomeye mu buryo bwa silindrike hanyuma ikazunguruka kugeza igihe irambuye kandi ikinguye.Kubera ko ikigo gifunitse gifite imiterere idasanzwe, ingingo isobekeranye yamasasu isunikwa hagati ya bilet nkuko izunguruka.
Umusaruro
1. Ibyuma bishongeshejwe bikozwe no gushonga ubutare bwicyuma na kokiya (ibintu bikungahaye kuri karubone bivamo iyo amakara ashyushye mugihe habuze umwuka) mu itanura, hanyuma ugakuramo karubone hafi ya yose uturika ogisijeni mumazi.Icyuma gishongeshejwe noneho gisukwa mubyuma binini, bikikijwe n'inkuta zibyuma, aho bikonjesha.
2. Kugirango ubashe gukora ibicuruzwa bisa nkibisahani n'amabati, cyangwa ibicuruzwa birebire nk'utubari n'inkoni, ingoti zakozwe hagati yizingo nini ku gitutu kinini. Gutanga indabyo n'ibisate.
3. Kugira ngo habeho uburabyo, ingot inyuzwa mu byuma bibiri byuma bifatanye.Ubu bwoko bwa muzingo bwitwa "insyo ebyiri-ndende."Rimwe na rimwe, imashini eshatu zikoreshwa.Umuzingo washyizweho kugirango ibice byabo bihurire, kandi bigenda muburyo butandukanye.Iki gikorwa gitera ibyuma gukanda no kuramburwa mubice bito, birebire.Iyo umuzingo uhinduwe numuntu wumuntu, ibyuma bisubizwa inyuma binyuze muburyo bworoshye kandi burebure.Iyi nzira isubirwamo kugeza ibyuma bigeze kumiterere yifuzwa.Muri iki gikorwa, imashini zitwa manipulators zihindura ibyuma kuburyo buri ruhande rutunganywa neza.
4. Ingots zirashobora kandi kuzunguruka mubisate muburyo busa nuburyo bwo gukora indabyo.Icyuma kinyuzwa mumuzingo wikurikiranya urambuye.Ariko, hariho kandi umuzingo washyizwe kuruhande kugirango ugenzure ubugari bwibisate.Iyo icyuma kibonye ishusho yifuzwa, impera zingana zicibwa hanyuma ibisate cyangwa indabyo bigabanywa mo ibice bigufi.Ubundi gutunganya
5. Uburabyo busanzwe butunganywa mbere yuko bukozwe mu miyoboro.Amashurwe ahindurwamo fagitire uyashyira mubikoresho byinshi bizunguruka bigatuma birebire kandi bigufi.Inyemezabuguzi zaciwe n'ibikoresho bizwi nko kuguruka.Izi ni impuzu zoguhuza amasiganwa ziruka hamwe na bilet igenda ikagabanya.Ibi bituma kugabanuka neza bidahagaritse inzira yo gukora.Izi fagitire zegeranye kandi amaherezo zizahinduka umuyoboro utagira ikizinga.
6. Icyapa nacyo cyongeye gukorwa.Kugira ngo bibe byoroshye, babanza gushyuha kugeza kuri 2200 ° F (1,204 ° C).Ibi bitera impiswi ya oxyde igaragara hejuru yicyapa.Iyi coating yamenetse hamwe na break break hamwe na spray yamazi menshi.Ibisate noneho byoherezwa binyuze murukurikirane rw'ibizunguruka ku ruganda rushyushye kandi bikozwe mu bice bito bito by'ibyuma bita skelp.Urusyo rushobora kuba rurerure rwa kilometero imwe.Mugihe ibisate byanyuze mumuzingo, bigenda byoroha kandi birebire.Mugihe cyiminota igera kuri itatu icyapa kimwe gishobora guhindurwa kiva kuri 6 muri (cm 15.2) z'icyuma kibyibushye kigahinduka icyuma cyoroshye gishobora kuba kirometero kimwe cya kane.
7. Nyuma yo kurambura, ibyuma biratorwa.Iyi nzira ikubiyemo kuyinyuza murukurikirane rwibigega birimo aside sulfurike yoza ibyuma.Kurangiza, yogejwe namazi akonje nubushyuhe, akuma hanyuma akazunguruka kumasuka manini hanyuma agapakirwa kugirango ajyanwe mu kigo gikora imiyoboro. Gukora imiyoboro.
8. Skelp na bilet byombi bikoreshwa mugukora imiyoboro.Skelp ikozwe mu miyoboro isudira.Banza gushyirwa kumashini idashaka.Nkuko isuka yicyuma idakomeye, irashyuha.Icyuma noneho kinyuzwa murukurikirane rwibizunguruka.Iyo irenganye, umuzingo utera impande za skelp kuzunguruka hamwe.Ibi bikora umuyoboro udasuduwe.
9. Icyuma gikurikiraho kinyura mu gusudira electrode.Ibi bikoresho bifunga impande zombi z'umuyoboro hamwe.Ikidodo gisudira noneho kinyuzwa mumuzinga mwinshi ufasha gukora gusudira neza.Umuyoboro uhita ucibwa uburebure bwifuzwa hanyuma ugashyirwa hamwe kugirango utunganyirizwe.Umuyoboro w'icyuma usudira ni inzira ikomeza kandi ukurikije ubunini bw'umuyoboro, irashobora gukorwa byihuse nka metero 1100 (335.3 m) kumunota.
10. Iyo umuyoboro udakenewe, fagitire kare ikoreshwa mugukora.Barashyuha kandi babumbabumbwe kugirango babe ishusho ya silinderi, nayo yitwa uruziga.Uruziga noneho rushyirwa mu itanura aho hashyushye cyera-gishyushye.Uruziga rushyushye noneho ruzunguruka hamwe nigitutu kinini.Uku kuzunguruka kwinshi gutuma bilet irambura kandi umwobo ugaragara hagati.Kubera ko uyu mwobo wubatswe muburyo budasanzwe, ingingo yamasasu imeze nkisunikwa hagati ya bilet nkuko izunguruka.Nyuma yicyiciro cyo gutobora, umuyoboro urashobora kuba ufite uburebure budasanzwe nuburyo.Kugira ngo bikosorwe byanyuze mu rundi ruhererekane rwo gusya.Gutunganya neza
11. Nyuma yubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bukozwe, birashobora gushirwa mumashini igorora.Bashobora kandi gushyirwaho ingingo kugirango ibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi byumuyoboro bishobora guhuzwa.Ubwoko bukunze guhurizwa kumiyoboro ifite diametero ntoya ni urudodo-imiyoboro ifatanye yaciwe kumpera yumuyoboro.Imiyoboro nayo yoherejwe binyuze mumashini ipima.Aya makuru hamwe nandi makuru yo kugenzura ubuziranenge ahita yandikwa kumuyoboro.Umuyoboro uhita ushyirwaho amavuta yoroheje yo gukingira.Imiyoboro myinshi isanzwe ivurwa kugirango irinde ingese.Ibi bikorwa mugusunika cyangwa kuyiha igifuniko cya zinc.Ukurikije ikoreshwa ry'umuyoboro, andi marangi cyangwa impuzu zirashobora gukoreshwa.
Kugenzura ubuziranenge
Hafashwe ingamba zitandukanye kugirango umuyoboro wicyuma urangiye wujuje ibisobanuro.Kurugero, ibipimo bya x-ray bikoreshwa mugutunganya ubunini bwibyuma.Ibipimo bikora ukoresheje imirasire ibiri x.Imirasire imwe yerekeza ku cyuma kizwi.Ibindi byerekejwe kumyuma irengana kumurongo wibyakozwe.Niba hari itandukaniro riri hagati yimirasire yombi, igipimo kizahita gitera guhindura ibizunguruka kugirango bishyure.
Imiyoboro nayo irasuzumwa inenge irangiye.Uburyo bumwe bwo kugerageza umuyoboro nukoresha imashini idasanzwe.Iyi mashini yuzuza umuyoboro amazi hanyuma ikongera umuvuduko kugirango urebe niba ifashe.Imiyoboro ifite inenge isubizwa ibisigazwa.